When building a multilingual static blog with Next.js, there are two fundamentally different approaches to internationalisation. Choosing between them involves trade-offs across SEO, developer experience, content strategy, and hosting complexity. ## The Client-Side Toggle Approach The simplest approach stores language preference in client state and resolves translations after hydration: ```tsx // Language stored in context, resolved on the client const { t, language } = useLanguage(); const label = t('about'); // "About" or "关于" ``` For page content that has locale variants, all versions are server-rendered into the HTML and a thin client wrapper toggles visibility: ```tsx // LocaleSwitch: shows/hides [data-locale] divs via useEffect

``` This works and is zero-config — no routing changes needed. But it has real limitations. ### SEO Problems - **Crawlers always see the default language.** Googlebot doesn't execute `localStorage` reads, so it always indexes the default locale's content. - **`display:none` content is risky.** Google may partially index hidden locale variants, or ignore them entirely. - **No `hreflang` signals.** Search engines can't discover alternate language versions of a page. - **`` not updated.** Accessibility and search engine tooling rely on this attribute. --- ## URL-Based Locale Routing The proper solution gives each language variant its own URL: ``` /about → English (default, no prefix) /zh/about → Chinese ``` With Next.js App Router, this means moving all routes under an `app/[locale]/` segment and using `generateStaticParams` to pre-render each route for each locale at build time. Since Amytis uses `output: "export"`, this is pure **Static Site Generation** — the HTML is fully pre-built per locale. Crawlers get complete HTML with no JavaScript required, and each locale is independently indexable. ### The Default Locale Prefix Problem Most sites want the default locale to have a clean URL (`/about`, not `/en/about`). With a runtime server, middleware handles this transparently. With static export, you need your **hosting layer** to do the rewrite. #### Netlify / Cloudflare Pages Drop a `_redirects` file in `public/`: ``` /en / 301 /en/* /:splat 301 /* /en/:splat 200 ``` The `200` status is a **silent rewrite** — the user sees `/about` in the URL bar, but the server serves `out/en/about/index.html`. #### Vercel ```json { "redirects": [ { "source": "/en/:path*", "destination": "/:path*", "permanent": true } ], "rewrites": [ { "source": "/((?!zh/).*)", "destination": "/en/$1" } ] } ``` #### Nginx ```nginx location ~ ^/en(/.*)?$ { return 301 ${1:-/}; } location /zh/ { try_files $uri $uri/index.html =404; } location / { try_files /en$uri /en$uri/index.html =404; } ``` #### GitHub Pages GitHub Pages has no native rewrite support. The simplest workaround is a root `index.html` with a JS language detector: ```html ``` Or just accept the `/en/` prefix for all locales. --- ## Content Strategy URL-based routing changes more than just URLs — it changes how you think about content. For a personal digital garden, most content is written in one language and won't be fully translated. The realistic scope is: | Content Type | Translated? | Approach | |---|---|---| | Static pages (about, privacy) | Yes | Optional `.zh.mdx` variant files | | Posts | Rarely | Fallback to original + notice | | Series descriptions | Maybe | Optional `index.zh.mdx` | | Books | Unlikely | Fallback | | Flows (daily notes) | No | UI-only i18n, no locale in URL | The `.{locale}.mdx` convention — already used for static pages in Amytis — extends naturally to posts and series: ``` content/posts/my-post.mdx # default locale content/posts/my-post.zh.mdx # optional Chinese translation content/series/my-series/index.zh.mdx ``` At build time, `generateStaticParams` generates `/en/my-post` and `/zh/my-post`. If the `.zh.mdx` file doesn't exist, the Chinese URL falls back to the English content with a small "not available in this language" banner. --- ## Trade-offs at a Glance | Aspect | Client-Side Toggle | URL-Based Routing | |---|---|---| | SEO | Crawlers see default lang only | Each locale fully indexed | | Default locale prefix | No prefix | CDN rewrite needed | | Build size | Same | ~2× | | Refactor scope | None | Large | | Content strategy | `.zh.mdx` for pages only | `.zh.mdx` for all content types | --- ## Conclusion For a personal blog where SEO in a second language isn't critical, the client-side toggle approach is pragmatic and gets the job done. UI strings translate, page content can optionally have locale variants, and there's no hosting complexity. For a project where bilingual SEO matters — where you genuinely want Chinese content indexed under Chinese URLs — URL-based routing is the right architecture. The CDN configuration is a one-time setup, and the `.{locale}.mdx` convention for content is already half-implemented. The good news: both approaches share the same content file convention. Migrating from client-side toggle to URL-based routing is a routing and build change, not a content restructure.

i18n in a Static Next.js Blog: Client-Side Toggle vs URL-Based Routing